H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Common Law v\u00e0 Civil Law l\u00e0 hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u201cd\u00f2ng h\u1ecd\u201d ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ri\u00eang. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u00e0y nay ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ed5 khuy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1ea5y v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ri\u00eang, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd ri\u00eang, t\u1eebng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u201cb\u1ea3n s\u1eafc\u201d c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
1. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba (Continetal Law), h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (Civil Law), hay g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p \u2013 \u0110\u1ee9c:<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 (ius civile), ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn t\u1edbi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y nh\u00ecn chung \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3, lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n lu\u1eadt th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, lu\u1eadt t\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. H\u1ecd ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y coi tr\u1ecdng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n qui ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ly kh\u1ecfi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ec1 cao t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Civil Law t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba (Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, Italia\u2026), Quebec (Canada), Louisiana (M\u1ef9), Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh (Brazin, V\u00ean\u00eadu\u00eala\u2026).<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, b\u1ea3n t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u201cCorpus Iuris Civilis\u201d c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Justinian (483-565) th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII-XIII, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt h\u1ecd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt la m\u00e3, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ra ngo\u00e0i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI, do kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc do th\u1ecb d\u00e2nl\u1eadp n\u00ean ra \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, ho\u1eb7c quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 (Sollen) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1i \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra (Sein).<\/p>\n Khi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c (Germanic) x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y \u00c2u, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qui \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, n\u00ean d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 c\u0169 c\u00f9ng con ch\u00e1u h\u1ecd v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3. Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p La M\u00e3 c\u0169 v\u00ec gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c To\u00e0 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 11 v\u00e0 12, khi t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean v\u0103n B\u1ed9 D\u00e2n lu\u1eadt Corpus Juris Civilis, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung lu\u1eadt c\u0169 cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 . H\u1ecd m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u1eadt \u1edf Paris, Oxford, Prague, Heidelberg, Copenhague, h\u1ecd l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 cho gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, cho c\u00e1c vua ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 kh\u1eafp Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u1edd c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o chung theo m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung , lu\u1eadt gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng B\u1ed9 D\u00e2n Lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng chung l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3.<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y nay, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 \u2013 \u0110\u1ee9c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Civil law, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh v\u0103n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3. \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3: tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i [phandectists] th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c), tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i nh\u00e2n v\u0103n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI \u1edf Ph\u00e1p mong mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n Lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 (humanistes), tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, XVIII nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc s\u01b0 (glossators), tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i h\u1eadu lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc s\u01b0 (post-glossators). C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt so s\u00e1nh cho r\u1eb1ng h\u00ea th\u1ed1ng Civil law ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh 3 nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/p>\n + Civil Law c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p: \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p;<\/p>\n + Civil Law c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c: \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, A\u00f3, Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, Hy L\u1ea1p, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Trung Hoa (L\u01b0u \u00fd: Lu\u1eadt Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u qui \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng, v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng To\u00e0 \u00e1n l\u1ea1i mang nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Civil Law);<\/p>\n + Civil Law c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc Scandinavian: \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, Ph\u1ea7n Lan, Na Uy v\u00e0 Ailen. Lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 Italia c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 th\u00ec g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Napoleon v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c h\u01a1n. Lu\u1eadt \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t pha t\u1ea1p (hybrid nature).<\/p>\n Lu\u1eadt \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan hay d\u00e2n lu\u1eadt \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan th\u00ec r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt t\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Nga hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan.<\/p>\n 2. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0102ngl\u00f4 \u2013 x\u1eafcx\u00f4ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Th\u00f4ng lu\u1eadt (Common Law), hay g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Anh \u2013 M\u1ef9:<\/strong><\/p>\n Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Anh \u2013 M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf Anh, sau n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf M\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh, M\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt coi tr\u1ecdng ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 (precedents\/ judge made law), ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u01b0a \u1ee9ng bi\u1ebfn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, coi tr\u1ecdng kinh nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n C\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Common Law (vi\u1ebft hoa: c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Anh M\u1ef9), common law (vi\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng: l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f2a \u00e1n ho\u00e0ng gia (hay c\u00e1c t\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea9m) \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ngu\u1ed3n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chung, thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng). Common Law hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo 3 ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/p>\n \u2013 Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Anh;<\/p>\n \u2013 Th\u1ee9 hai, tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ngu\u1ed3n lu\u1eadt, \u00e1n l\u1ec7 (Case law) c\u1ee7a Common Law \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi t\u00f2a \u00e1n, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u00ean;<\/p>\n \u2013 Th\u1ee9 ba, tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng T\u00f2a \u00e1n, T\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00e1n l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Common Law c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi T\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00e1n l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Equity Law.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1066 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Normans x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Anh qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf William b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o tay tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1edbi. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef lu\u1eadt chung ( Common Law ) xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n do nh\u00e0 vua l\u1eadp ra, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n chung ( Common Custom) c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n hay \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1n trang, th\u00e1i \u1ea5p phong ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt chung \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi ba t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Henry II (1133 \u2013 1189) th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u00e0 T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh (Court of Exchequer) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf; T\u00f2a \u00e1n th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng ( Court of Common Pleas) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua; v\u00e0 T\u00f2a \u00e1n Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf ( Court of the King\u2019s Bench) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng gia.<\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf William, nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Anh \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. T\u00f2a \u00e1n l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eed t\u1ed9i (ordeal) b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft b\u1ecb c\u00e1o c\u1ea7m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng s\u1eaft nung \u0111\u1ecf, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e2m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i, ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c. N\u1ebfu v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0nh sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, anh ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tuy\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1154, Vua Henry II \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt chung v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f2a \u00e1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n t\u1eeb t\u00f2a \u00e1n Ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111i kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m, ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p. Sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh Lu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00e1n l\u1ec7 (precedent), hay theo Ti\u1ebfng Latin l\u00e0 stare decisis. Theo \u0111\u00f3, khi x\u00e9t x\u1eed th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cCommon Law\u201d b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1eddi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Anh, Common Law \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c trong v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 15, khi \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd l\u00e0 khi lu\u1eadt \u201cCommon Law\u201d kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ki\u1ec7n cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Common Law l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ki\u1ec7n cho r\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Common law l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng cho h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi ph\u1ea1m n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh (system of equity), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf T\u00f2a c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh, do vi\u00ean T\u1ed5ng ch\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd (Lord Chancellor) \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u. V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh v\u1eabn chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt Common Law trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p (Judicature Acts) n\u0103m 1873 v\u00e0 1875.<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y nay b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u00e1n l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Common Law, lu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh v\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i qui t\u1eafc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y. Khi x\u00e9t x\u1eed nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Common Law th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o hai c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfis\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan (question of fact) v\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt \u2013 theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng(question of law). Trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o, ng\u00e0y nay khi x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Common Law v\u1eabn d\u1ef1a c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o \u00e1n l\u1ec7, lu\u1eadt vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t x\u1eed.<\/p>\n 3. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t:<\/strong><\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf 4 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed: ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt (origin of law); t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00f3a (codification); th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng (Procedure); Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 (Role of the Jurists).<\/p>\n 3.1. V\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt:<\/strong><\/p>\n Trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 La M\u00e3 \u2013 T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng qui \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho Lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 La M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Justinian (Justinian\u2019s Corpus Juris Civilis). N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3, M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho Lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 sao n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Anh \u2013 M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 La M\u00e3 nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 h\u1ecd quan ni\u1ec7m T\u00f2a \u00e1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u1eebng v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Lu\u1eadt gia ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p l\u00fd La M\u00e3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 : stare decisis (Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7); pacta sunt servandas (H\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng).<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n lu\u1eadt th\u00ec \u1edf Common Law c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Civil law.<\/p>\n 3.2.V\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00f3a<\/strong><\/p>\n Quan ni\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Civil law quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (All law resides in institutions), c\u00f2n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Common law l\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n (All law is custom). Ng\u00e0y nay, \u1edf Anh \u201cl\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i\u201d (reasons) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Anh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt m\u1edf, lu\u00f4n trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u00f5 n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt trong Civil Law l\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a, t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cao (certainty of law). Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Common Law d\u1ef1a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p (Stare decisis. Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u00f5 n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba chia th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng (public law) v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u01b0 (private law), c\u00f2n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Anh \u2013 M\u1ef9 kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n chia. C\u00f4ng ph\u00e1p bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean tham gia l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f2n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u01b0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ef1 do \u00fd ch\u00ed. T\u1ef1 do \u00fd ch\u00ed mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5m. Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c lu\u1eadt t\u01b0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i. C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 lu\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n 3.3. V\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/p>\n H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n, t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng vi\u1ebft (inquisitorial system\/ written argument), c\u00f2n H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Anh \u2013 M\u1ef9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng tranh t\u1ee5ng (Case system\/ oral argument). Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00fang n\u1ebfu kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Civil Law kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c suy \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i (presumption of innocence).<\/p>\n Khi x\u00e9t x\u1eed, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Common Law r\u1ea5t coi tr\u1ecdng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Due process. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 5 v\u00e0 14 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ba y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh: y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc To\u00e0 (equal footing); y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qui tr\u00ecnh x\u00e9t x\u1eed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00f3 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00f4 t\u01b0, kh\u00e1ch quan (fair trial and impartial jury); y\u00eau c\u1ea7u lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qui \u0111\u1ecbnh sao cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i (Laws must be written so that a reasonable person can understand what is criminal behavior).<\/p>\n H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Civil Law d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n (inquisitorial system) n\u00ean trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o Lu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh v\u0103n, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e9t x\u1eed t\u1ea1i To\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 trong Common Law, th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c qui t\u1eafc ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, th\u00ec trong Civil Law, qui t\u1eafc ph\u00e1p l\u00fd t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n Civil Law t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft qua c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. V\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch theo ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n To\u00e0 \u00e1n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Common Law \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, hay c\u01a1 quan s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1n l\u1ec7 (The second Legislation). Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Civil Law, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt, c\u00f2n To\u00e0 \u00e1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n \u1ede c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Common Law \u0111a ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i\/ lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia (domestic law). Ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0 \u00e1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i lu\u1eadt ho\u00e1 b\u1edfi c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Civil Law th\u00ec kh\u00e1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u1edf Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1c To\u00e0 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf khi x\u00e9t x\u1eed.<\/p>\n 3.4. V\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9:<\/strong><\/p>\n Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Anh \u2013 M\u1ef9 do \u00e1n l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng coi tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 n\u00ean lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng. Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba do v\u0103n b\u1ea3n qui ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi do th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 \u201c\u00e1n t\u1ea1i h\u1ed3 s\u01a1\u201d \u2013 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u tra ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u tra do v\u1eady lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Anh \u2013 M\u1ef9. Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Civil Law ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c qui ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 \u1edf Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n (solicitor) v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 tranh t\u1ee5ng (barrister). Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 tranh t\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng theo nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Civil law \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o theo m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt s\u01b0. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Common Law th\u00ec kh\u00e1c, th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 r\u1ea5t danh ti\u1ebfng.<\/p>\n Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan, nh\u01b0ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 do ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ed1ng phong ki\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ra tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3.[1]<\/p>\n N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n th\u00ec hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt tr\u00ean l\u00e0 hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u1edbn, tuy nhi\u00ean b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt B\u1eafc \u00c2u\u2026<\/p>\n T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 20, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Civil Law \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n v\u00e0o B\u1ed9 D\u00e2n lu\u1eadt , m\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c \u00e1n l\u1ec7, c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n d\u01b0\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc l\u00fd t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n lu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n lu\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 BGB).<\/p>\n