{"id":25099,"date":"2017-12-06T17:15:45","date_gmt":"2017-12-06T10:15:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/luatsubaoho.com\/phapluat\/?p=25099"},"modified":"2021-10-19T20:54:06","modified_gmt":"2021-10-19T13:54:06","slug":"kiem-soat-quyen-tu-phap-trong-nha-nuoc-phap-quyen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/luatsubaoho.com\/phapluat\/kiem-soat-quyen-tu-phap-trong-nha-nuoc-phap-quyen\/","title":{"rendered":"Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n (LLCT) \u2013 Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nan gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p. Quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n giao cho T\u00f2a \u00e1n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u00fd ch\u00ed chung c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi vi ph\u1ea1m hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc; c\u01a1 quan, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc quan tr\u1ecdng mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n (NNPQ).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p, La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho r\u1eb1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh. C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cquy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p\u201d l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Montesquieu (xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1748). T\u1ea1i quy\u1ec3n XI, Montesquieu \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u201cl\u00e0m ra lu\u1eadt,\u2026 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i hay h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf lu\u1eadt\u201d, c\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u201cquy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c h\u00f2a hay chi\u1ebfn, g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u0111i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp an ninh, \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u201ctr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m, ph\u00e2n x\u1eed tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u201d(1).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">N\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Mongtesquieu, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (1762), Rousseau \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cKhi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ho\u1eb7c khi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1ch quan l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u1ea5y, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0o. C\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, l\u00e0m m\u1ed1i d\u00e2y li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trung gian gi\u1eefa Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1edbi c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i cao, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3 ba v\u1ebf \u1ea5y khi c\u1ea7n. C\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p\u201d(2). Quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Rousseau v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Montesquieu, theo \u00f4ng khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n, l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u1ea3 Montesquieu v\u00e0 Rousseau \u0111\u1ec1u coi quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt\u00a0c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 quy\u1ec1n, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham gia tranh ch\u1ea5p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c. Th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u201c\u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o\u201d khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u2013 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt gia th\u1eddi Khai s\u00e1ng, khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1787, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u III, kho\u1ea3n 1 nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cQuy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho To\u00e0 \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng to\u00e0 \u00e1n c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p\u201d. V\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n\u2026 sau n\u00e0y khi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c to\u00e0 \u00e1n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, quan ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh chung nh\u1ea5t theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh v\u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn l\u00e2u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c to\u00e0 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai S\u00e1ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u01b0 duy ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Black\u2019s Law Dictionary th\u00ec, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p (judicial power) l\u00e0\u00a0\u201cth\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y; quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt khi c\u00f3 tranh c\u00e3i ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y\u201d(3). Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng xem t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e1nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n. Ng\u00e0y nay, \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9, song t\u1ef1u trung, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed, l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n danh c\u00f4ng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tranh ch\u1ea5p, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xung \u0111\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e9t x\u1eed, th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c x\u00e9t x\u1eed do lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, theo T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec \u201ct\u01b0 ph\u00e1p\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cvi\u1ec7c x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ee5ng trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d(4). C\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p theo T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p l\u00fd (B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: \u201cquy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, kinh t\u1ebf, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh\u2026 Quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho t\u00f2a \u00e1n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u201d(5). C\u00f2n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 V\u00f5 Kh\u00e1nh Vinh cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cquy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u00f2a \u00e1n, chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d(6).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1946 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u01a1 quan x\u00e9t x\u1eed l\u00e0 TAND c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p, t\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i \u1edf c\u01a1 s\u1edf tuy th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi x\u00e9t x\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan x\u00e9t x\u1eed. Hi\u1ec7n nay, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n, theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 2013 th\u00ec \u201cT\u00f2a \u00e1n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p\u201d (Kho\u1ea3n 1, \u0110i\u1ec1u 102).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 49-NQ\/TW ng\u00e0y 2-6-2005 v\u1ec1 \u201cChi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2020\u201d cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m s\u00e1t, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, c\u01a1 quan thi h\u00e0nh \u00e1n. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f2a \u00e1n, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p (thu\u1ed9c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7), \u1ee6y ban T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, ngay c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1, Vi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m s\u00e1t, c\u01a1 quan thi h\u00e0nh \u00e1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p(7).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh t\u00f2a \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb t\u00ecm ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9, x\u00e1c minh, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e9t x\u1eed. Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3. Khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 tham gia \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd. T\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng. V\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f2a \u00e1n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 quan th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed, nh\u00e2n danh Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n, l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c; \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt; ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan, c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n. Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c do c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m. Thi h\u00e0nh \u00e1n x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay m\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u2013 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. Thi h\u00e0nh \u00e1n l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u1ee7a x\u00e9t x\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 \u00e1n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n th\u00ec quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2013 V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd: Quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c thi h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n (m\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n) v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang\/sai, h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p\/b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p (\u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f2a \u00e1n ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n, bu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh. Quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, v\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean tranh ch\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p (x\u00e9t x\u1eed) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00f3, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, v\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">-V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: V\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2013 V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt: Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p (x\u00e9t x\u1eed) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f2a \u00e1n ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n, l\u1ee3i \u00edch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p. Trong quy tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham gia tranh ch\u1ea5p cung c\u1ea5p cho t\u00f2a \u00e1n(8).\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2.T\u00ednh t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n, mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n; h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u01b0\u2026 T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m sao gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb tha h\u00f3a, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u1edf c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng l\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m qua \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 3.000 n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n 300 n\u0103m, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n. T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi x\u00e9t x\u1eed, l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u00ednh t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do sau:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">+ Quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m: Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i ri\u00eang l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c do ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m. S\u1ef1 \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra khi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 do nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ch quan n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n danh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n cho m\u00ecnh theo h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 chi ph\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n th\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nguy c\u01a1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng, b\u1ecb \u201ctha h\u00f3a\u201d b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c thi. \u0110\u1ec3 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn; \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">+ Quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p do \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u1eafm gi\u1eef n\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb thao t\u00fang, d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ef1c thi, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh chung, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh v\u1ecb k\u1ef7, s\u1ef1 tham lam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi(9). X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i, ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nhau. Tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u00fd ch\u00ed, nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng chung c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chung theo s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u201ckh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang nhi\u1ec1u khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nguy c\u01a1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c chung (quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m) b\u1ecb thao t\u00fang, d\u1eabn d\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c chung ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i xu h\u01b0\u1edbng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">+\u00a0 Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, \u201cc\u00f4ng l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u00ec b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c; quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd th\u00ec t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. V\u00ec v\u1eady c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c; hay nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd\u201d, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Pascal \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1662.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf, n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng l\u00fd; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd vi ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e9t x\u1eed nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, t\u1ea1o ra ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng l\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t (supervision) l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng xem x\u00e9t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c. Theo T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa th\u00ec: \u201cGi\u00e1m s\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc chung n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\u201d(10). T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n H\u00e1n -Vi\u1ec7t do \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cGi\u00e1m\u00a0 s\u00e1t l\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ea1ch\u201d(11). Theo quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y th\u00ec gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t l\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t, ki\u1ec3m tra ngo\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. C\u00f2n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t do Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u01b0 \u00dd bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cGi\u00e1m s\u00e1t l\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i, ki\u1ec3m tra vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5\u201d(12).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">D\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, theo T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc th\u00ec: \u201cGi\u00e1m s\u00e1t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 theo d\u00f5i, quan s\u00e1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i \u0111\u00fang qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, quy ch\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea3m\u00a0 b\u1ea3o cho ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n theo nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh\u201d(13). C\u00f2n theo quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u00ec: \u201cGi\u00e1m s\u00e1t d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f2a \u00e1n, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d(14). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quan ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t l\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i, xem x\u00e9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang hay sai. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p do ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec1 ra. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n: \u201cph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch quan\u201d(15). C\u00f2n trong cu\u1ed1n T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef trong v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i X c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng: Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t l\u00e0 \u201ctheo d\u00f5i, ki\u1ec3m tra, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ph\u00e1t huy, \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi sai tr\u00e1i\u201d(16).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m chung: l\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i, xem x\u00e9t, quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t l\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i, xem x\u00e9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 (\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t bao g\u1ed3m hai lo\u1ea1i: gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u00ean trong th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc) v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u2026). Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ed3m c\u00f3: gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan d\u00e2n c\u1eed (Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, H\u0110ND); gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a VKSND \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a TAND v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u tra(17). S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn trong b\u1ea3n \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf ngo\u00e0i Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc mang t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0: gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n qua th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i, t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o; gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a MTTQ v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean; gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng trong th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1p l\u1ef1c, d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam minh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p khi \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea3n \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e9t x\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Th\u1ee9 hai, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra. Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u201cxem x\u00e9t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t\u201d(18). Ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n xem c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ec3m tra mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh xem x\u00e9t, x\u00e1c minh m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd xem c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay kh\u00f4ng. Ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t. Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra theo \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao; c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m tra cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ed3 s\u01a1, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m tra; c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">____________________<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>B\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed L\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5-2019<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(1) Montesquieu (1748): B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng Thanh \u0110\u1ea1m), Nxb L\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2006, tr.105-106.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(2) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762): B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng Thanh \u0110\u1ea1m), Nxb L\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2004, tr.218.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(3)Bryan A. Garner (ed.): Black\u2019s Law Dictionary, 9th\u00a0ed. (St. Paul, MN: 2009) at 924.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(4) Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u00ea \u2013\u00a0 ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean (1997): T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, Nxb \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng v\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc, tr. 1034.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(5) Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u2013 B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, Nxb T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n b\u00e1ch khoa v\u00e0 Nxb T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p; H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2006, tr.657.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(6) V\u00f5 Kh\u00e1nh Vinh: Quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, do d\u00e2n, v\u00ec d\u00e2n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, s\u1ed1 8\/2003.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(7) Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a \u201cng\u00e0nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p\u201d thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p (g\u1ed3m B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c s\u1edf, ph\u00f2ng, ban t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201ct\u01b0 ph\u00e1p\u201d g\u1eafn sau t\u00ean c\u01a1 quan, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. Theo ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p (thi h\u00e0nh \u00e1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p\u2026); ngo\u00e0i ra, trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt thi h\u00e0nh \u00e1n, Lu\u1eadt lu\u1eadt s\u01b0\u2026), l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tham gia v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(8) Xem th\u00eam: Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n C\u01b0\u01a1ng: Quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u2013 Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi, http:\/\/www.moj.gov.vn<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(9) N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Leviathan (1651), Hobbes ch\u1ec9 ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i mang t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, t\u00ednh t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u00a0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo Hobbes, t\u00ednh t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t \u0111i khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft. Montesquieu cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cB\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ee9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n\u201d. C\u00f2n nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, Lord Action l\u1ea1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cQuy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(10) Trung t\u00e2m t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc, T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n b\u00e1ch khoa Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n b\u00e1ch khoa, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2002, tr.112.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(11) \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh: T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n H\u00e1n \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t, Nxb V\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2003, tr.154.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(12) Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u01b0 \u00dd: \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, Nxb V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u2013 Th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, tr.728.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(13) Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p l\u00fd: T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, Nxb T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1999, tr.174.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(14) H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Qu\u1ed1c gia: H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, Nxb Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2007, tr.217.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(15) \u0110\u00e0o Tr\u00ed \u00dac: Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, s\u1ed1 6-2003, tr.7.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(16) Ng\u00f4 V\u0103n D\u1ee5, H\u1ed3ng H\u00e0, Tr\u1ea7n Xu\u00e2n Gi\u00e1: T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef trong v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i X c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nxb Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2006, tr.184.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(17) Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec3m s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 th\u00ec trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m s\u00e1t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, Vi\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec3m s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u00a0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n: \u201cph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u tra theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u tra\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cquy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh truy t\u1ed1 b\u1ecb can; quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1m \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>(18) T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, Nxb Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1994, tr.882.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>TS T\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ea3o<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00bb <a title=\"M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn cho d\u00e2n lu\u1eadt\" href=\"https:\/\/luatsubaoho.com\/phapluat\/mot-so-thuat-ngu-de-nham-lan-cho-dan-luat\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn cho d\u00e2n lu\u1eadt<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n (LLCT) \u2013 Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nan gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[221],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/luatsubaoho.com\/phapluat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25099"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/luatsubaoho.com\/phapluat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/luatsubaoho.com\/phapluat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/luatsubaoho.com\/phapluat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/luatsubaoho.com\/phapluat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25099"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/luatsubaoho.com\/phapluat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25099\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/luatsubaoho.com\/phapluat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25099"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/luatsubaoho.com\/phapluat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25099"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/luatsubaoho.com\/phapluat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25099"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}