S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd trong khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p l\u00fd.\u00a0S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hay m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt g\u1eafn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. <\/p>\n
\u00bb Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n s\u1ef1<\/a><\/p>\n I. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/p>\n S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. C\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. II. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 tham gia quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i: s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi<\/strong><\/p>\n S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn:<\/strong> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 thi\u00ean tai, chi\u1ebfn tranh, d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh, sinh t\u1eed m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. 2. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong><\/p>\n S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ng\u1eeb\u01a1i ch\u1ebft l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n.\u00a0<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ph\u00e2n chia t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n; d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec; vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp doanh nghi\u1ec7p A v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p Bc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f2n dang d\u1edf m\u00e0 b\u00ean A \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n giao cho B ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ecb X b\u1ecb tai n\u1ea1n ch\u1ebft s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gia \u0111\u00ecnh, quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, quan h\u1ec7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ecb X. V\u1eady vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng Y tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng vay t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 n\u1ee3.\u00a0<\/p>\n \u00bb H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/a><\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a quy ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1edfi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t quy ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd.\u00a0
V\u00ed d\u1ee5: k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n hay k\u1ebft ngh\u0129a, h\u00e3y \u0111\u00ednh h\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i theo t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; c\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c\u00a0 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh do c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef.\u00a0<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi d\u1eabn t\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. Thi\u00ean tai x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i hoang v\u1eafng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u01b0a, gi\u00f3, nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c, hoa qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ed3i n\u1ea3y l\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd n\u00e0o.\u00a0
H\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd x\u1ea3y ra do \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1eed s\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ( tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi con b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1t nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m) l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eed vong nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n